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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sovtends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Современные тенденции в строительстве, градостроительстве и планировке территорий</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern Trends in Construction, Urban and Territorial Planning</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-1835</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2949-1835-2024-3-4-55-65</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">YZMWOV</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sovtends-131</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Строительные материалы и изделия</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Building materials and products</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности составов и микроструктуры кладочных растворов  башенных комплексов Ингушетии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Compositional and Microstructural Features of Masonry Mortars of Ingushetia Tower Complexes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-4464</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котляр</surname><given-names>В. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotlyar</surname><given-names>V. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Дмитриевич Котляр, доктор технических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой строительных материалов</p><p>authorId=57190970485</p><p>ResearcherID AAG-9437-2021</p><p>344003,  г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir D. Kotlyar, Dr.Sci. (Engineering), Professor, Head of the Building Materials Department</p><p>authorId=57190970485</p><p>ResearcherID AAG-9437-2021</p><p>1, Gagarin Sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">diatomit_kvd@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Донской государственный технический университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Don State Technical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>55</fpage><lpage>65</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Котляр В.Д., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Котляр В.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kotlyar V.D.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.stsg-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/131">https://www.stsg-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/131</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Башенные комплексы Республики Ингушетии являются не только уникальными историко-архитектурными памятниками, но памятниками «строительной» истории региона. Особый интерес у специалистов в последние годы проявляется к кладочным растворам, которые применялись для скрепления каменной кладки при возведении и ремонте башен. Изучение кладочных растворов может рассказать специалистам о применяемых материалах, древних строительных технологиях, а по микроструктурным признакам — о возрасте самих башен или их отдельных частей, что особенно актуально для специалистов в области строительного материаловедения, истории архитектуры, реставрации и реконструкции историко-архитектурного наследия. Целью данных исследований является определение составов кладочных растворов башенных комплексов Республики Ингушетии и их возраста по степени кристалличности вторичного кальцита.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Объектом исследований являлись образцы кладочных растворов, отобранных из башенных комплексов «Эгикал», «Таргим», «Пуй», «Лейми», «Алби-Ерды», «Эрзи» и другие. Изучение химического состава растворов проводилось по методике ГОСТ 8269.1-97 «Щебень и гравий из плотных горных пород и отходов промышленного производства для строительных работ. Методы химического анализа». Рентгенофазовые исследования проводились на приборе ARL X´TRA с шириной щелей 2–4–1–0,5. Условия съемки на дифрактометре ARL X’TRA: интервал — 5–70 °; скорость: 5–6 град/мин; напряжение — 40 кВ; ток — 30 мА. Расшифровка дифрактограмм проводилась с использованием соответствующих методик путем сопоставления с подобными исследованиями, а также с использованием международных баз данных. Минералого-петрографические исследования проводились с помощью оптических и цифровых микроскопов различных модификаций.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Приводятся авторские результаты исследования, которые получены в описываемой работе. Проведённые исследования позволили установить, что составы древних кладочных растворов изначально в подавляющем большинстве случаев были представлены смесью воздушной извести и песчано-гравийного материала или смесью воздушной извести и измельчённых глинистых сланцев. Установлено, что степень кристалличности вторичного кальцита существенно отличается и зависит от возраста каменных кладок башен.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение и заключение</title><p>Обсуждение и заключение. Результаты, полученные в ходе проведения данных исследований, в практическом плане могут быть полезны при проведении реставрационных работ, в теоретическом плане позволяют определить относительный возраст башен и их отдельных частей, что существенно поможет при воссоздании истории их строительства.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The tower complexes of the Republic of Ingushetia are not only unique historical and architectural monuments, but also monuments to the history of “construction” of the region. In recent years, specialists are particularly interested in the masonry mortars used for bonding the stonework during building-up and repairing the towers. The study of the masonry mortars can provide the specialists the information about the materials used, ancient construction technologies, and, based on microstructural features, the age of the towers or their separate parts, which is especially relevant for the specialists in the field of materials science in construction, history of architecture, restoration and reconstruction of historical and architectural heritage. The aim of the research is to determine the composition of the masonry mortars in tower complexes of the Republic of Ingushetia and, based on the degree of crystallinity of secondary calcite, determine their age.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The objects of the research were the samples of masonry mortars taken from the tower complexes of Ehgikal, Targim, Pui, Leimi, Albi-Erdy, Ehrzi and others. The study of the chemical composition of the mortars was carried out according to the methodology of GOST 8269.1-97 “Crushed Stone and Gravel from Dense Rocks and Industrial Waste for Construction Work. Methods of Chemical Analysis”. X-ray diffraction phase analysis was carried out using the ARL X’TRA diffractometer with slit widths of 2-4-1-0.5. Measurement capacity provided by the ARL X’TRA diffractometer: angle range — 5–70°; speed: 5–6 deg/min; voltage — 40 kV; current — 30 mA. Diffractogram decoding was carried out in accordance with the appropriate methods by comparing with the similar studies, as well as with the use of international databases. Mineralogical and petrographic examinations were carried out using optical and digital microscopes of various modifications.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The retrieved author’s research results are presented in the paper. The conducted research made it possible to establish that originally the overwhelming majority of ancient masonry mortars were represented by a mixture of air-setting lime and sand and gravel material or a mixture of air-setting lime and crushed clay slates. It was acknowledged that the degree of crystallinity of secondary calcite differs significantly and depends on the age of the tower stonework.</p><p>Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained within this research can have practical value for carrying out the restoration works, and theoretical value for determining the relative age of the towers and their separate parts, which will significantly help to reconstruct the history of their construction.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>башни</kwd><kwd>кладочный раствор</kwd><kwd>состав</kwd><kwd>известь</kwd><kwd>кальцит</kwd><kwd>степень кристалличности</kwd><kwd>возраст</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>towers</kwd><kwd>masonry mortar</kwd><kwd>composition</kwd><kwd>lime</kwd><kwd>calcite</kwd><kwd>degree of crystallinity</kwd><kwd>age</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Автор благодарит зав. кафедрой «Архитектурная реставрация, реконструкция и история архитектуры» ДГТУ, доктора архитектуры, профессора Пищулину Викторию Владимировну за материальную поддержку  при проведении исследований, высказанные автору ценные замечания и рекомендации при написании статьи.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The author thanks the head of DSTU Architectural Restoration, Reconstruction and History of Architecture Department, Dr.Sci. 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