<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sovtends</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Современные тенденции в строительстве, градостроительстве и планировке территорий</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern Trends in Construction, Urban and Territorial Planning</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-1835</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2949-1835-2024-3-1-71-83</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ECDAUG</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sovtends-89</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Строительная механика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Construction mechanics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Определение реологических параметров полимеров при помощи методов машинного обучения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Determining the Rheological Parameters of Polymers Using Machine Learning Techniques</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9133-8546</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чепурненко</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chepurnenko</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чепурненко Антон Сергеевич, профессор кафедры сопротивления материалов, доктор технических наук, доцент</p><p>ScopusID: 56056531000ResearcherID: E-4692-2017</p><p>344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton S. Chepurnenko, Dr.Sci. (Engineering), Associate Professor of the Strength of Materials Department</p><p>ScopusID: 56056531000ResearcherID: E-4692-2017</p><p>1, Gagarin Sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anton_chepurnenk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-8942</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратьева</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondratieva</surname><given-names>T. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кондратьева Татьяна Николаевна, доцент кафедры математики и информатики, кандидат технических наук, доцент</p><p> 344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana N. Kondratieva, Cand.Sci. (Engineering), Associate Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science Department</p><p>1, Gagarin Sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003</p><p>   </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ktn618@yndex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Донской государственный технический университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Don State Technical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>71</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чепурненко А.С., Кондратьева Т.Н., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чепурненко А.С., Кондратьева Т.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chepurnenko A.S., Kondratieva T.N.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.stsg-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/89">https://www.stsg-donstu.ru/jour/article/view/89</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В настоящей работе рассмотрена методика определения реологических параметров материалов, входящих в нелинейную реологическую модель Максвелла-Гуревича, по кривым релаксации напряжений. Представлен обзор основных направлений метаэвристических подходов (локальный поиск, эволюционные алгоритмы) к решению задач комбинаторной оптимизации. Описаны метаэвристические алгоритмы для решения некоторых важных задач комбинаторной оптимизации с особым акцентом на построение деревьев поиска решений. Проведен сравнительный анализ алгоритмов для решения задачи регрессии в CatBoost Regressor. Целью работы является определение реологических свойств полимеров методами машинного обучения.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Объектом исследования выступают сгенерированные наборы данных, полученные на основе теоретических кривых релаксации напряжений. Представлены таблицы исходных данных для обучения моделей по всем выборкам, проведен статистический анализ характеристик исходных наборов данных. Общее количество численных экспериментов по всем выборкам составило 346020 вариаций. При разработке моделей использован метод искусственного интеллекта CatBoost, для повышения точности модели применены методы регуляризации (Weight Decay, Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization, Augmentation), для нормализации данных использован метод Z–Score.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. В результате исследования разработаны интеллектуальные модели для определения реологических параметров полимеров (начальная релаксационная вязкость, модуль скорости) по сгенерированным наборам данных на примере эпоксидного связующего ЭДТ-10. По результатам тестирования моделей с наилучшими параметрами проведены оценки качества: для параметра 𝜂∗0 диапазон значений MAPE 0,46 — 2,72, MSE 0,15 — 1,09, RMSE 0,19 — 0,44, MAPE 0,46 — 1,27; для параметра 𝑚∗ — MAPE 0,07 — 0,32, MSE 0,01 — 0,13, RMSE 0,10 — 0,41, MAPE 0,58 — 2,72. Полученные значения метрик являются допустимыми. Графики обучения демонстрируют стабильность процесса.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение и заключения</title><p>Обсуждение и заключения. Разработанные интеллектуальные модели являются масштабируемыми и кроссплатформенными, имеют практическое прикладное значение, что обеспечивает их применение в широком спектре научных и инженерных приложений.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The paper investigates the methodology for determining the rheological parameters of materials based on the nonlinear Maxwell-Gurevich rheological model using the stress relaxation curves. The review of the main directions of the metaheuristic approaches (local search, evolutionary algorithms) to solving the combinatorial optimization problems is presented. The metaheuristic algorithms for solving some important combinatorial optimization problems with the special emphasis on building decision trees are described. The comparative analysis of the algorithms for solving the regression problem in CatBoost Regressor is carried out. The aim of the work is to determine the rheological properties of polymers using machine learning techniques.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The objects of the study are the generated data sets obtained on the basis of the theoretical stress relaxation curves. The source data tables for model training across all samples are presented, and the statistical analysis of the source data sets characteristics is carried out. The total number of numerical experiments across all samples amounted to 346020 variations. To develop the models, the CatBoost artificial intelligence techniques were used; the regularization techniques (Weight Decay, Decoupled Weight Decay Regulation, Augmentation) were used to increase the model accuracy; and Z–Score technique was used for data normalization.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. As a result of the research, the intelligent models for determining the rheological parameters of polymers (initial relaxation viscosity, velocity modulus) have been developed based on the generated data sets on the example of the epoxy binder EDT-10. Based on the testing results of the models with the best parameters, the quality assessments were carried out: for the parameter 𝜂∗0 the range of values MAPE 0.46 — 2.72, MSE 0.15 — 1.09, RMSE 0.19 —  0.44, MAPE 0.46 — 1.27; for the parameter 𝑚∗ — MAPE 0.07 — 0.32, MSE 0.01 —  0.13, RMSE 0.10 — 0.41, MAPE 0.58 — 2.72. The resulting metric values are permissible. The training graphs demonstrate the stability of the process.</p><p>Discussion and Conclusion. The developed intelligent models are scalable and cross-platform, have practical applied significance that ensures their implementation in a wide range of the scientific and engineering apps. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>реология</kwd><kwd>полимеры</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>регрессия</kwd><kwd>CatBoost</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rheology</kwd><kwd>polymers</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>regression</kwd><kwd>CatBoost</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chepurnenko V., Yazyev B., Song X. Creep Calculation for a Three-Layer Beam with a Lightweight Filler. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Modern Trends in Manufacturing Technologies and Equipment (ICMTMTE 2017). MATEC Web Conf. Vol. 129. EDP Sciences; 2017. 05009 https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201712905009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chepurnenko V., Yazyev B., Song X. Creep Calculation for a Three-Layer Beam with a Lightweight Filler. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Modern Trends in Manufacturing Technologies and Equipment (ICMTMTE 2017). MATEC Web Conf. Vol. 129. EDP Sciences; 2017. 05009 https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201712905009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Litvinov S.V., Yazyev B.M., Turko M.S. Effecting of Modified HDPE Composition on the Stress-Strain State of Constructions. In: Proceedings of the International Multi-Conference on Industrial Engineering and Modern technologies. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 463(4). IOP Publishing; 2018. 042063 https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/463/4/042063</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Litvinov S.V., Yazyev B.M., Turko M.S. Effecting of Modified HDPE Composition on the Stress-Strain State of Constructions. In: Proceedings of the International Multi-Conference on Industrial Engineering and Modern technologies. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 463(4). IOP Publishing; 2018. 042063 https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/463/4/042063</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amjadi M., Fatemi A. Creep and Fatigue Behaviors of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE): Effects of Temperature, Mean Stress, Frequency, and Processing Technique. International Journal of Fatigue. 2020;141:105871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105871</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amjadi M., Fatemi A. Creep and Fatigue Behaviors of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE): Effects of Temperature, Mean Stress, Frequency, and Processing Technique. International Journal of Fatigue. 2020;141:105871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105871</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiang G., Yin D., Meng R., Lu S. Creep Model for Natural Fiber Polymer Composites (NFPCs) Based on Variable Order Fractional Derivatives: Simulation and Parameter Study. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2020;137(24):48796. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.48796</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiang G., Yin D., Meng R., Lu S. Creep Model for Natural Fiber Polymer Composites (NFPCs) Based on Variable Order Fractional Derivatives: Simulation and Parameter Study. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2020;137(24):48796. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.48796</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tezel T., Kovan V., Topal E.S. Effects of the Printing Parameters on Short‐Term Creep Behaviors of ThreeDimensional Printed Polymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2019;136(21):47564. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47564</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tezel T., Kovan V., Topal E.S. Effects of the Printing Parameters on Short‐Term Creep Behaviors of ThreeDimensional Printed Polymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2019;136(21):47564. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47564</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trush L., Litvinov S., Zakieva N., Bayramukov S. Optimization of the Solution of a Plane Stress Problem of a Polymeric Cylindrical Object in Thermoviscoelastic Statement. In: International Scientific Conference Energy Management of Municipal Transportation Facilities and Transport EMMFT 2017. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Vol 692. Cham: Springer; 2017. P. 885–893. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70987-1_95</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trush L., Litvinov S., Zakieva N., Bayramukov S. Optimization of the Solution of a Plane Stress Problem of a Polymeric Cylindrical Object in Thermoviscoelastic Statement. In: International Scientific Conference Energy Management of Municipal Transportation Facilities and Transport EMMFT 2017. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Vol 692. Cham: Springer; 2017. P. 885–893. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70987-1_95</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsybin N.Y., Turusov R.A., Andreev V.I. Comparison of Creep in Free Polymer Rod and Creep in Polymer Layer of the Layered Composite. Procedia Engineering. 2016;153:51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.079</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsybin N.Y., Turusov R.A., Andreev V.I. Comparison of Creep in Free Polymer Rod and Creep in Polymer Layer of the Layered Composite. Procedia Engineering. 2016;153:51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.079</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreev VI, Sereda SA. Calculation of an Inhomogeneous Polymer Thick-Walled Cylindrical Shell Taking into Account Creep under the Action of Temperature Load. In: Proceedings of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 1015(1). XXIX R-P-S Seminar 2020. Wroclaw, Poland: IOP Publishing; 2021. 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1015/1/012002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreev VI, Sereda SA. Calculation of an Inhomogeneous Polymer Thick-Walled Cylindrical Shell Taking into Account Creep under the Action of Temperature Load. In: Proceedings of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 1015(1). XXIX R-P-S Seminar 2020. Wroclaw, Poland: IOP Publishing; 2021. 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1015/1/012002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Litvinov S.V., Klimenko E.S., Kulinich I.I., Yazyeva S.B. Longitudinal Bending of Polymer Rods with Account Taken of Creep Strains and Initial Imperfections. International Polymer Science and Technology. 2015;42(2):23–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0307174X1504200206</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Litvinov S.V., Klimenko E.S., Kulinich I.I., Yazyeva S.B. Longitudinal Bending of Polymer Rods with Account Taken of Creep Strains and Initial Imperfections. International Polymer Science and Technology. 2015;42(2):23–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0307174X1504200206</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Litvinov S.V., Trush L.I., Yazyev S.B. Flat Axisymmetrical Problem of Thermal Creepage for Thick-Walled Cylinder Made of Recyclable PVC. Procedia Engineering. 2016;150:1686–1693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.156</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Litvinov S.V., Trush L.I., Yazyev S.B. Flat Axisymmetrical Problem of Thermal Creepage for Thick-Walled Cylinder Made of Recyclable PVC. Procedia Engineering. 2016;150:1686–1693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.156</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yazyev B.M., Chepurnenko A.S., Savchenko A.A. Calculation of Three-Layer Panels with Polyurethane Foam Filler Taking into Account the Rheological Properties of the Middle Layer. Materials Science Forum. 2018;935:144–149. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.935.144</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yazyev B.M., Chepurnenko A.S., Savchenko A.A. Calculation of Three-Layer Panels with Polyurethane Foam Filler Taking into Account the Rheological Properties of the Middle Layer. Materials Science Forum. 2018;935:144–149. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.935.144</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dudnik A.E., Chepurnenko A.S., Litvinov S.V. Determining the Rheological Parameters of Polyvinyl Chloride, with Change in Temperature Taken into Account. International Polymer Science and Technology. 2017;44(1):43–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0307174X1704400109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dudnik A.E., Chepurnenko A.S., Litvinov S.V. Determining the Rheological Parameters of Polyvinyl Chloride, with Change in Temperature Taken into Account. International Polymer Science and Technology. 2017;44(1):43–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0307174X1704400109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Litvinov S, Yazyev S, Chepurnenko A, Yazyev B. Determination of Rheological Parameters of Polymer Materials Using Nonlinear Optimization Methods. In: Proceedings of the XIII International Scientific Conference on Architecture and Construction 2020. Singapore: Springer; 2021. P. 587–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6208-6_58</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Litvinov S, Yazyev S, Chepurnenko A, Yazyev B. Determination of Rheological Parameters of Polymer Materials Using Nonlinear Optimization Methods. In: Proceedings of the XIII International Scientific Conference on Architecture and Construction 2020. Singapore: Springer; 2021. P. 587–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6208-6_58</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chepurnenko A. Determining the Rheological Parameters of Polymers Using Artificial Neural Networks. Polymers. 2022;14(19):3977. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14193977</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chepurnenko A. Determining the Rheological Parameters of Polymers Using Artificial Neural Networks. Polymers. 2022;14(19):3977. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14193977</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muhammad W., Brahme A.P., Ibragimova O., Kang J., Inal K. A machine learning framework to predict local strain distribution and the evolution of plastic anisotropy &amp; fracture in additively manufactured alloys. International Journal of Plasticity. 2021;136:102867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2020.102867</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muhammad W., Brahme A.P., Ibragimova O., Kang J., Inal K. A machine learning framework to predict local strain distribution and the evolution of plastic anisotropy &amp; fracture in additively manufactured alloys. International Journal of Plasticity. 2021;136:102867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2020.102867</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oh W.B., Yun T.J., Lee B.R., Kim C.G., Liang Z.L. A Study on Intelligent Algorithm to Control Welding Parameters for Lap-joint. Procedia Manufacturing. 2019;30:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oh W.B., Yun T.J., Lee B.R., Kim C.G., Liang Z.L. A Study on Intelligent Algorithm to Control Welding Parameters for Lap-joint. Procedia Manufacturing. 2019;30:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramos-Figueroa O., Quiroz-Castellanos M., Mezura-Montes E., Schütze O. Metaheuristics to solve grouping problems: a review and a case study. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation. 2020;53:100643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2019.100643</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramos-Figueroa O., Quiroz-Castellanos M., Mezura-Montes E., Schütze O. Metaheuristics to solve grouping problems: a review and a case study. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation. 2020;53:100643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2019.100643</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kondratieva T, Prianishnikova L, Razveeva I. Machine Learning For Algorithmic Trading. In: Proceedings of E3S Web Conf. Topical Problems of Agriculture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (TPACEE 2020). Vol. 224. E3S Sciences; 2020. 01019. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022401019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondratieva T, Prianishnikova L, Razveeva I. Machine Learning For Algorithmic Trading. In: Proceedings of E3S Web Conf. Topical Problems of Agriculture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (TPACEE 2020). Vol. 224. E3S Sciences; 2020. 01019. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022401019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krause A, Fairbank M. Baseline Win Rates for Neural-Network Based Trading Algorithms. In: 2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). Glasgow, UK: IEEE; 2020. P. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN48605.2020.9207649</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krause A, Fairbank M. Baseline Win Rates for Neural-Network Based Trading Algorithms. In: 2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). Glasgow, UK: IEEE; 2020. P. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN48605.2020.9207649</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
