Development of Laboratory-made Compositions of Concrete Based on the Certain Raw Materials and Restrictions of the AKKUYU NPP Construction

Introduction. Concrete is one of the materials most frequently used in construction thus the technologies of its manufacturing are being constantly improved. In our article we will develop the laboratory-made compositions of concrete based on the certain raw materials resources and restrictions existing at the construction site of one of the nuclear power plants in the Republic of Türkiye. One of the results of elaborating the concrete composition design technology is the selfcompacting concrete that fosters sustainable construction due to significant reduction of energy consumption. Self–compacting concrete is a type of concrete that can completely fill in the formwork only by gravity, without need for concrete consolidating by vibration. Its high fluidity and filling capacity are its advantages over conventional concrete. Self-compacting concrete has high fluidity, high water retention capacity, good strength. The aim of the study was to obtain the laboratory-made compositions of concrete based on the certain raw materials resources and restrictions existing at the construction site.

Materials and methods. The list of raw materials potentially meeting the design documentation requirements has been specified. The concrete compositions using various aggregates were selected, the minimum amount of cement was determined, aimed among other things at corrosion resistance improvement.

Results. Based on the restrictions existing at the construction site and according to the results of raw materials analysis including their oxide composition specification, 5 compositions were developed for each of NPP engineering structures.

Discussion and conclusions. The study has completed all the tasks set forth, the main of which are: analysis of the raw materials market, laboratory studies of raw materials, specification of their actual physical and mechanical properties, identification of components meeting the standards and requirements, obtaining the laboratory-made compositions of concrete mixtures classified by their designation. The perspectives for further research are indicated.

1. An intelligent model for the prediction of the compressive strength of cementitious composites with ground granulated blast furnace slag based on ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements/ S. Czarnecki, M. Shariq, M. Nikoo, Ł. Sadowski // Measurement. — 2021. — Vol. 172, No. 108951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108951

2. End-of-Life Materials Used as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in the Concrete Industry/ A.I. Nicoara, A.E. Stoica, M. Vrabec [и др.] // Materials. – 2020. – Vol. 13, No 1954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13081954

3. Predicting the compressive strength of concrete with fly ash admixture using machine learning algorithms/ H. Song, A. Ahmad, F. Farooq [и др.]// Construction and Building Materials. — 2021. — Vol. 308, No. 125021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125021

4. Recycling Aggregates for Self-Compacting Concrete Production: A Feasible Option / R. Martínez-García, M.I. Guerra-Romero, J.M. Morán-del Pozo [и др.] // Materials. — 2020. — Vol. 13, No. 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040868

5. Microstructure and Fresh Properties of Self-compacting Concrete with Recycled Sand / D. Carro-López, B. González- Fonteboa, F. Martínez-Abella [и др.] // Procedia Engineering. — 2017. — Vol. 171. — P. 645–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.401

6. Mechanical Performance Evaluation of Self-Compacting Concrete with Fine and Coarse Recycled Aggregates from the Precast Industry / S.A. Santos, P.R. Da Silva, J. De Brito // Materials. — 2017. — Vol. 10, No. 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10080904

7. Durability of self-compacting concrete made with recovery filler from hot-mix asphalt plants / A.R. Esquinas, J.I. Álvarez, J.R. Jiménez [и др.] // Construction and Building Materials. — 2018. — Vol. 161. — P. 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.142

8. Effect of red mud (bauxite residue) as cement replacement on the properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating various fillers / M. Ghalehnovi, N. Roshan, E. Hakak ets. // Journal of Cleaner Production. — 2019. — Vol. 240, No. 118213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118213

9. Flexural strengthening of damaged RC T-beams using self-compacting concrete jacketing under different sustaining load / X. Zhang, Y. Luo, L. Wang [и др.] // Construction and Building Materials. — 2018. — Vol. 172. — P. 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.245

10. Rehabilitation of Shear-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Self-Compacting Concrete Jacketing / C. E. Chalioris, C. N. Pourzitidis // ISRN Civil Engineering. — 2012. — Vol. 2012. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/816107

11. Numerical Modelling and Bearing Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams / O. Sucharda, J. Brozovsky, D. Mikolášek // Key Engineering Materials. — 2013. — Vol. 577–578. — P. 281-284. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.577-578.281

12. An intelligent model for the prediction of the compressive strength of cementitious composites with ground granulated blast furnace slag based on ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements / S. Czarnecki, M. Shariq, M. Nikoo, Ł. Sadowski // Measurement. — 2021. — Vol. 172, No. 108951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108951

13. Mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete containing high volumes of ground granulated blast furnace slag / H. Yazıcı, M. Y. Yardımcı, H. Yiğiter [и др.] // Cement and Concrete Composites. — 2010. — Vol. 32, No. 8. — P. 639–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.07.005

14. Properties of concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) at elevated temperatures / R. Siddique, D. Kaur // Journal of Advanced Research. — 2012. Vol. 3, No 1. — P. 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2011.03.004

15. Experimental analysis of properties of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) concrete with mineral additives / Ö. Çakır // Construction and Building Materials. — 2014. — Vol. 68. — P. 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.032

16. Experimental study on the engineering properties of alkali-activated GGBFS/FA concrete and constitutive models for performance prediction / X. Cong, W. Zhou, M. Elchalakani // Construction and Building Materials. — 2020. — Vol. 240, No 117977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117977

17. Creep and drying shrinkage of concrete containing GGBFS / M. Shariq, J. Prasad, H. Abbas // Cement and Concrete Composites. — 2016. — Vol. 68. — P. 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.02.004

18. Несветаев, Г. В. Самоуплотняющиеся бетоны: прочность и проектирование состава / Г. В. Несветаев, А. Н. Давидюк // Строительные материалы. — 2009. — № 5. — С. 54–57.

19. Баженов, Ю. М. Современная технология бетона / Ю. М. Баженов // Технологии бетонов. — 2005. — № 1. — С. 6–8.